On some tasks the judgment is the label, and no guideline document transfers it. Here is how to tell which tasks those are and how to run expert annotation well.
Crowdsourced annotation fails in ways throughput dashboards are not built to detect. Five failure modes, how to test for each, and where the model stops being appropriate.
The final few percent of cases resists the methods that got you the first 95%, because rarity is a property of the distribution you are sampling from.
Internet video is abundant and free, and it records what happened rather than what was commanded. That missing action channel is the constraint that shapes world model training.
Robot foundation models are not short on trajectories. They are short on diversity, grounded language, failure coverage, and modalities, and more of the wrong data makes them…
Visual realism and physical understanding are measurably different capabilities. Here is what a world model needs in its training data to learn the second one.
Contact is where manipulation succeeds or fails, and it is the signal robot datasets are least likely to contain. Here is what makes it hard to capture and what it costs to fix.
Embodied AI runs on data that has to be produced under a protocol rather than collected from the web, which turns model quality into an operations problem.
Two manipulation datasets of the same size can differ completely in what they teach a policy. Five design decisions, made before collection, account for most of the difference.
Simulation solves cost and volume for robot training data, but four classes of signal stay out of reach at any fidelity, and each one has to be captured in the real world.